The global, regional, and national burden attributable to low bone mineral density, 1990–2020: an analysis of a modifiable risk factor from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Authors' conclusion
This analysis highlights low bone mineral density as a cause of health loss not just from falls, but also from road injuries.
Study context
- Population
- Individuals aged 40 years and older, global, regional and national, 1990–2020; data from population-based studies from 48 countries or territories (169 unique sources)48 countries or territories (169 sources)
- Outcome
- YLDs, DALYs and deaths attributable to low BMD
- Follow-up
- 2020
Methodological detailsmeta-regression, meta-analysis of population-based studies, population-attributable fraction
- Meta-regression
- Meta-analysis of population-based studies
- Population-attributable fraction
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Years lived with disability (YLDs) attributable to low BMD
8.32 million
95% UI 5.58–10.84
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to low BMD
17.2 million
95% UI 14.1–20.2
Deaths attributable to low BMD
477 000
95% UI 411 000–536 000
Further pooled results
Change in global burden attributable to low BMD · 1990–2020
- Increase in YLDs (88.5-95.1)
- 91.8%
- Increase in DALYs (81.5-99.0)
- 89.8%
- Increase in deaths (108.5-144.5)
- 127.1%
- Age-standardised global rates of YLDs, DALYs and deaths showed modest decreases
Share of low-BMD burden due to falls · 2020
- YLDs
- 76.2% (95% UI 74.2-78.3)
- DALYs (62.9-67.6)
- 65.2%
- Deaths (67.4-72.8)
- 71.0%
Share of low-BMD burden due to road injuries · 2020
- YLDs (11.1-13.6)
- 12.4%
- DALYs (22.5-27.1)
- 24.6%
- Deaths (21.6-26.2)
- 23.1%
Share of all fall-related burden attributable to low BMD · 2020
- YLDs (23.2-28.7)
- 26.6%
- DALYs (22.1-27.4)
- 25.6%
- Deaths (35.4-44.0)
- 40.6%
Share of all road injury-related burden attributable to low BMD · 2020
- YLDs (10.8-13.5)
- 12.6%
- DALYs (5.4-6.9)
- 6.3%
- Deaths (7.6-9.6)
- 8.9%
Leading cause of low-BMD burden by sex and age
- Men: road injuries largest share of DALYs at 40-59 years and of deaths at 40-64 years
- Women: road injuries leading cause of DALYs at 40-44 years and of deaths at 40-54 years
- Older age groups, both sexes: falls the leading cause
Original publication
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