Global trends in burden of fractures, low bone mineral density, and high body mass index from 1990 to 2021, an age-period-cohort analysis
Authors' conclusion
Global trends in burden of fractures, low BMD, and high BMI varied across different age groups, periods, cohorts, and varied SDI regions.
Study context
- Population
- 204 countries or territories, 1990 to 2021204 countries or territories
- Outcome
- EAPC in age-standardized rates of prevalence, DALYs or Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) for fractures, low BMD and high BMI
- Follow-up
- 1990 to 2021
Methodological detailsGBD-type trend analysis 1990–2021, 204 countries or territories, health inequality indices
- GBD-type trend analysis 1990–2021
- 204 countries or territories
- Health inequality indices
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Trends in burden, 1990–2021
Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) for fracture prevalence
−0.53%
EAPC for Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) attributable to low bone mineral density (BMD)
−0.90%
EAPC for DALYs attributable to high body mass index (BMI)
0.66%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Age and cohort effects
- Burden attributable to fractures, low BMD and high BMI generally increased with age
- Rising then declining risk of fractures and low BMD in successively younger birth cohorts; increasing risk of high BMI
Socio-demographic Index (SDI)-related inequality, slope index of inequality (SII) · 2021
- SII, fractures
- 267
- SII, low BMD
- −53
- SII, high BMI
- −119
- Significant SDI-related inequalities
Original publication
Global trends in burden of fractures, low bone mineral density, and high body mass index from 1990 to 2021, an age-period-cohort analysis. Osteoporos Int. Published 17 June 2025. doi:10.
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