Lupus & antiphospholipid syndrome
Distinct autoantibody patterns and clinical phenotypes by sex in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross-sectional study
Authors' conclusion
This study highlights significant sex-based variations in autoantibody patterns and their clinical associations in a Chinese SLE cohort.
Study context
- Population
- Chinese patients with SLE
- Participants
- 1,029 patients
- Exposure
- Male vs female SLE patients
- Malesn = 121
- Femalesn = 908reference
- Outcome
- Autoantibody patterns by sex
Methodological detailsretrospective
- Retrospective
Further findings
Speckled ANA pattern
Anti-Sm antibodies
P = 0.001
- Complement levels and mean SLEDAI-2K · females lower complement, higher SLEDAI-2K
- P < 0.001
- Cardiovascular involvement · more in males
- P = 0.039
- Pulmonary involvement · more in males
- P = 0.026
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) titers and antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies
- No sex differences
24-h urinary protein in males with anti-Sm
- Higher in males with anti-Sm
- P = 0.02
Anti-Sm and complement
- Anti-Sm positivity linked to lower complement in both sexes
- Females with anti-Sm: increased anti-dsDNA positivity and elevated SLEDAI-2K
Original publication
Distinct autoantibody patterns and clinical phenotypes by sex in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross-sectional study. Lupus. Published 17 November 2025. doi:10.
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