Fibromyalgia & musculoskeletal pain
Risk factors for shoulder pain and stiffness in adults aged 44 and older: an 11-year longitudinal population-based study
Authors' conclusion
Our study identified increased BMI and depressive symptoms as consistent risk factors for shoulder pain, stiffness, or both. Older age increased the risk of shoulder stiffness but lowered the risk of pain alone, while females had a lower risk of stiffness. Diabetes was specifically linked to shoulder stiffness, and physical workload increased the risk of combined pain and stiffness.
Study context
- Population
- Nationally representative sample of Finns aged ≥ 44 years from Health 2000 Survey, without shoulder pain and stiffness at baseline
- Participants
- 1,645 participants
- Outcome
- Risk factors for shoulder pain, shoulder stiffness, and both combined (relative risk ratios)
- Follow-up
- 11 years
Methodological detailslongitudinal, population-based, multinomial logistic regression
- Longitudinal
- Population-based
- Multinomial logistic regression
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Risk factors for shoulder pain, stiffness, or both
- Excess body mass and depressive symptoms: shared statistically significant risk factors for all three outcomes
- Older age: lower risk of shoulder pain but higher risk of shoulder stiffness with or without pain
- Females: lower risk of shoulder stiffness with or without pain
- Diabetes: higher risk of shoulder stiffness only
- Physical workload factors: increased risk of combined shoulder pain and stiffness
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Original publication
Risk factors for shoulder pain and stiffness in adults aged 44 and older: an 11-year longitudinal population-based study. Scand J Rheumatol. Published 8 November 2024. doi:10.
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