Global and Regional Temporal Changes in Cross‐Country Inequalities of Site‐Specific Osteoarthritis Burden, 1990 to 2021
Authors' conclusion
The cross-country inequalities of OA burden have persisted and even worsened in some regions over the past decades.
Study context
- Population
- 204 countries and territories, GBD 2021, 1990 to 2021204 countries and territories
- Outcome
- Cross-country inequalities (SII, CCI) in site-specific OA age-standardized years lived with disability rates (ASYRs)
- Follow-up
- 1990 to 2021
Methodological detailsGBD 2021 secondary analysis, 204 countries and territories, slope index of inequality (SII) and CCI inequality analysis, average annual percent change (AAPC) temporal trends
- GBD 2021 secondary analysis
- 204 countries and territories
- SII and CCI inequality analysis
- AAPC temporal trends
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Cross-country inequality of total OA burden by SDI
SII of total osteoarthritis (OA), 1990
77.26
95% CI 69.32–85.20
SII of total OA, 2021
69.85
95% CI 60.67–79.02
CCI of total OA, 1990
0.0815
95% CI 0.0732–0.0897
CCI of total OA, 2021
0.0622
95% CI 0.0551–0.0693
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Regional cross-country inequality · 1990 to 2021
- Central sub-Saharan Africa, largest worsening inequality in SII (AAPC)
- 4.55, 95% CI 2.83-6.29
- East Asia, largest worsening inequality in CCI (AAPC)
- 1.96, 95% CI 1.48-2.43
- Most regions showed worsening cross-country inequalities among higher sociodemographic index (SDI) countries and territories
Site-specific OA inequality · 1990 to 2021
- Hand OA: consistently improving absolute and relative cross-country inequalities among higher SDI countries; other OA: consistently worsening inequalities
Original publication
Global and Regional Temporal Changes in Cross‐Country Inequalities of Site‐Specific Osteoarthritis Burden, 1990 to 2021. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Published 12 November 2025. doi:10.
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