Joint association of milk intake and blood 25(OH)D levels with fracture risk in postmenopausal women: 20-year follow-up data from the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis cohort study
Authors' conclusion
A clear positive association was identified between milk intake frequency and fracture risk among Japanese women after menopause with low 25(OH)D levels.
Study context
- Population
- Postmenopausal Japanese women aged ≥ 50 years, Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis cohort
- Participants
- 1,209 women17,427 person-years
- Comparison
- Milk intake <1 glass/day vs ≥1 glass/day, by blood 25D level
- Primary endpoint
- Clinical and osteoporotic fractures
Methodological detailspopulation-based, 20-year follow-up, Cox proportional hazard analyses
- Population-based
- 20-year follow-up
- Cox proportional hazard analyses
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Clinical fracture, 25(OH)D <15 ng/mL (subgroup)
Milk <1 glass/day vs Milk ≥1 glass/dayAdjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)
Clinical fracture, 25(OH)D <15 ng/mL (subgroup)
1.99(1.32–2.99)
Osteoporotic fracture
2.11(1.28–3.47)
Further findings
Fracture events over follow-up · median 16.1 years
- Women with at least one clinical fracture
- 358
- Women with at least one osteoporotic fracture
- 238
- Milk intake < 1 glass/day
- 31.9%
- 25(OH)D < 15 ng/mL
- 21.6%
Univariate Cox analyses
- 25(OH)D <15 ng/mL and milk intake <1 glass/day each associated with increased risk of clinical and osteoporotic fractures
Original publication
Joint association of milk intake and blood 25(OH)D levels with fracture risk in postmenopausal women: 20-year follow-up data from the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis cohort study. Osteoporos Int. Published 23 June 2025. doi:10.
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