Risk factor of osteoporosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in Indonesia
Authors' conclusion
The prevalence of osteoporosis in the SLE population was 26.97%. Ageing, menopause, lower BMI, higher current disease activity and higher cumulative dose of corticosteroids were associated with low BMD in our study. Risk factor for osteoporosis in our study was lower BMI, menopause and the use of high dose steroids. The use of AZA and HCQ appeared to be protective for osteoporosis.
Study context
- Population
- Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (1997 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or 2019 ACR/EULAR criteria), rheumatology clinic, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Indonesia; mean age 34.63±10.42 years
- Participants
- 152 patients
- Outcome
- Risk factors for osteoporosis and low BMD (lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, Z-score and T-score by DXA)
Methodological detailssingle-centre, tertiary hospital
- Single-centre
- Tertiary hospital
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Osteoporosis prevalence and factors associated with lower T-score and osteoporosis
- Prevalence of osteoporosis
- 27%
- Lower body mass index (BMI) associated with lower T-score (B)
- 0.074; p 0.004
- Higher disease activity associated with lower T-score (B)
- 0.054; p 0.04
- Corticosteroid use associated with lower T-score (B)
- −0.018; p 0.036
- Older age associated with lower T-score (B)
- −0.027; p 0.003
- AZA use associated with lower incidence of osteoporosis
- 0.225; 0.051 to 0.990; p 0.048 (OR; CI; p)
- Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use associated with lower incidence of osteoporosis
- 0.293; 0.115 to 0.746; p 0.01 (OR; CI; p)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Site-specific bone mineral density (BMD) associations
- Higher age associated with lower femoral neck BMD
- Menopause correlated to lower lumbar spine and total hip BMD
Original publication
Risk factor of osteoporosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in Indonesia. Lupus Sci Med. Published 19 March 2026. doi:10.
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