In utero and early life exposures to smoking are associated with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Main finding · Prenatal smoking exposure, juvenile-onsetResult — go to the resultOdds ratio 4.04 95 % CI 1.20–17.7Authors' conclusion
Early life exposure to tobacco smoking is associated with SARDs; the effect remained after adjusting for the genetic risk of HLA.
Study context
- Population
- Children and adults with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs), their unaffected siblings and unrelated controls329 children and 184 adults
- Comparison
- SARD probands vs same-sex close-in-age unaffected siblings and demographically-matched unrelated controls
- Outcome
- Association of pregnancy complications, early life events and tobacco smoking exposures with SARD diagnosis
Methodological detailssibling and demographically-matched unrelated controls, conditional and unconditional logistic regression
- Sibling and demographically-matched unrelated controls
- Conditional and unconditional logistic regression
Main finding
Prenatal smoking exposure, juvenile-onset
Odds ratio
4.04
95 % CI 1.20–17.7
By group
Probandsvs UC
OR 4.04 (95 % CI 1.20–17.7)
As reported in the abstract
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
%
| Outcome | Probands | US | UC | OR (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household smoking before age 3, juvenile-onsetProbandsvs UC | 14 | — not stated in the abstract | 3 | 4.83 (1.31–26.1) | |
| Household smoking before age 10, adult-onsetProbandsvs US | 60 | 42 | — not stated in the abstract | 10.06 (1.23–82.0) | |
| 0.050.21520Odds ratio (log scale) |
— not stated in the abstract
HLA-DRB1*03:01 and SARDs, White subjects
| OR (95 % CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| ProbandsJuvenile-onset | 2.03 (1.04–4.10) | |
| ProbandsAdult-onset | 7.67 (2.72–26.4) | |
| 0.050.21520Odds ratio (log scale) |
Household smoking exposure adjusted for HLA-DRB1*03:01
| OR (95 % CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| ProbandsJuvenile-onset | 5.49 (1.22–39.7) | |
| ProbandsAdult-onset | 4.01 (1.11–17.2) | |
| 0.050.21520Odds ratio (log scale) |
Pregnancy complications
- No specific pregnancy complication was associated with SARDs; total number of complications greater in juvenile probands
Original publication
In utero and early life exposures to smoking are associated with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. Published 11 November 2025. doi:10.
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