Lupus & antiphospholipid syndrome
Hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy in Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus: Associated factors and early-onset risk
Authors' conclusion
In this cohort of Puerto Rican Hispanics with SLE, HCQ-induced retinopathy occurred in 14.7% of patients, and nearly 32% of those affected developed early-onset retinopathy. Retinopathy was primarily associated with higher daily and weight-adjusted HCQ doses, while early-onset retinopathy was associated with corticosteroid exposure.
Study context
- Population
- Adult Puerto Ricans with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Participants
- 279 participants
- Exposure
- Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-induced retinopathy vs no retinopathy
- HCQ-induced retinopathyn = 41
- Without retinopathyn = 238reference
- Outcome
- Factors associated with HCQ-induced retinopathy
Methodological detailslogistic regression adjusted for SLE duration, subgroup analysis early-onset (≤5 years) vs late-onset (>5 years)
- Logistic regression adjusted for SLE duration
- Subgroup analysis early-onset (≤5 years) vs late-onset (>5 years)
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
HCQ-induced retinopathy prevalence
14.7%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
- Early-onset retinopathy (HCQ discontinued within 5 years of initiation) — HCQ-induced retinopathy
- 31.7%
Early-onset retinopathy (HCQ discontinued within 5 years of initiation)
- Early-onset toxicity associated with corticosteroid exposure (multivariable analysis)
Original publication
Hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy in Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus: Associated factors and early-onset risk. Lupus. Published 8 July 2026. doi:10.
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